Kelp DAO lost $292M because one key got leaked. This was preventable by privacy project I researched 11 projects that fix this exact problem 1. MPC / Threshold Signatures Key sharded into pieces. No one holds full key. @LitProtocol: MPC + TSS + TEE @FireblocksHQ : institutional-grade MPC custody @Arcium : decentralized MPC on Solana @NEARProtocol Chain Signatures: MPC + EigenLayer security 2. Multi-Validator Verification Multiple independent validators must agree. @chainlink CCIP: Dual DON + Risk Management Network @axelar: PoS consensus + TSS signing @wormhole: Guardian network with 13/19 threshold @hyperlane: Modular Interchain Security Modules 3. ZK-Based Trustless Verification Math proves correctness. No trust assumption needed. @PolyhedraZK /zkBridge: zk-SNARKs verify block headers @SuccinctLabs: ZK light clients @LayerZero_Core zkLightClient: Polyhedra as DVN option Cross-chain security is now the narrative for 2026. After Kelp, protocols no longer choose between "fast and cheap" or "secure." Threshold security is baseline to attract institutional capital. Protocols still running 1-of-1 or low-threshold verification will get phased out.

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