Why does the Dutch company ASML, headquartered in Europe, also fall under U.S. controls? Many people find it puzzling: ASML is a European company based in the Netherlands—so why does the United States still exert such strong influence over it? The core reason lies in ASML’s position within a globalized semiconductor supply chain. Behind its advanced lithography machines are technologies, software, components, and R&D systems from multiple countries, with the United States playing a critically pivotal role. ASML’s key capabilities are deeply intertwined with U.S. technology: its critical light source technology comes from Cymer in the U.S., its computational lithography software originates from Brion, also in the U.S., and U.S.-based R&D and manufacturing facilities handle essential functions such as electromechanical systems, sensors, alignment, and certain optical manufacturing processes. In other words, although ASML’s final products are assembled in the Netherlands, its entire technological ecosystem has long been closely linked to the United States. The U.S. is able to exert influence because its export control regulations have broad reach. U.S. laws do not apply only to goods manufactured domestically. If a device contains U.S.-controlled technology, software, or components—or if its development or manufacturing relies on specific U.S. technologies or software—the U.S. may claim legal authority to intervene. Thus, even though ASML is a Dutch company, if its advanced equipment is deeply integrated with U.S. technological systems, it cannot fully escape the impact of U.S. regulations. Moreover, U.S. influence stems from its dominance in the industry ecosystem itself. Many critical infrastructure elements in the semiconductor industry—including core software, key components, supply chains, and global technical standards—have long been led by U.S. companies and governed by U.S. rules. For ASML, direct conflict with U.S. regulations could lead to multiple risks: disrupted supply chains, restricted export licenses, market pressure, and damaged collaboration networks. These real-world pressures are sufficient to compel any international tech company to proceed with extreme caution. Of course, legally speaking, ASML is first and foremost bound by Dutch and EU laws. In recent years, export licenses for advanced equipment have been formally reviewed and approved by the Dutch government. However, on matters of geopolitics and industrial security, the Netherlands and the United States typically maintain close coordination. As a result, U.S. policies are often transmitted to ASML through allied cooperation, supply chain rules, and technological controls.