1,000 TPS: Cardano Leios is starting to show its potential Leios architect Sebastian Nagel has demonstrated the prototype reaching an endorsement rate of roughly 1,000 simple transactions per second in a simulated showcase. The test ran a small network of three block producers and nine relays, with 20ms round trip latency and 50 Mbps links to introduce realistic same continent network constraints. Leios changes how Cardano handles throughput. Transactions can be gathered into Endorser Blocks, distributed across the network, validated, voted on and then certified into the chain. This allows substantially more transaction data to move through the system without simply making the existing block chain larger and faster. The important number is not only 1,000 TPS. Sebastian also showed confirmed throughput around 20 to 30 times current Cardano capacity during the test. The 1,000 TPS figure is currently the endorsement rate rather than confirmed chain throughput, so there is still meaningful engineering ahead. Real mainnet conditions introduce more hops, wider latency, different bandwidth and much more varied peer behaviour. Musashi is where those assumptions can now be pushed under a larger and more realistic network. Now the job is proving how far it can scale under real network conditions, as Cardano edges further forwards to it's largest ever scalability upgrade.