Huo Xing Cai Jing reports that EthSystems, an institutional privacy technology firm for Ethereum, has completed formal verification of its shielded pool, covering everything from written specifications to the bytecode running on the Sepolia testnet. Different tools were used at each layer: Lean for models, circuits, and hashes; Halmos and Kontrol for smart contracts; Aeneas and Verus for wallets; and verification and deployment were cross-checked through byte-for-byte reconstruction. Double-spending and value conservation have been formally verified by the Lean theorem prover. Six issues were identified during verification, three of which were found in the verification tools themselves. The team also listed remaining assumptions: hash collision resistance, the verifier rejecting forged proofs, and contract behavior matching the model.
EthSystems Completes Formal Verification of Privacy Pool
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Summary
EthSystems, an Ethereum privacy technology firm, has completed formal verification of its privacy pool, covering specifications down to bytecode on the Sepolia testnet. The process employed multiple tools across layers: models, circuits, and hashes using Lean; smart contracts with Halmos and Kontrol; wallets with Aeneas and Verus; and validators via byte-by-byte checks. Lean theorem provers verified double-spending prevention and value conservation. Six issues were identified, three of which were in the tools themselves. Remaining assumptions include hash collision resistance and contract consistency with the formal models. This effort aligns with ongoing debates between Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) security models.
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