Circle Launches Arc, Its Own Layer 1 Blockchain to Expand Beyond USDC

Author: David Christopher

Compiled by Deep潮 TechFlow

Shenchao Overview: Over the past few years, Circle has done just one thing: bring USDC to where users already are. Now, it’s entering the Layer 1 space itself, not betting on stealing liquidity from Ethereum or Solana, but aiming to create markets that don’t yet exist: stablecoin foreign exchange, institutional private finance, and autonomous agent economies. This article explains why Circle’s strategy is far bigger than it appears on the surface.

So far, you can fairly describe Circle’s business model as neutral. In other words, USDC is distributed everywhere users already are—such as Ethereum, Solana, Base, Tron, and others—and each chain competes for its liquidity.

But that single-era seems to have ended. Today, Circle is officially greenlighting Arc, its own Layer 1 blockchain. Now, this stablecoin giant will begin building its own block space rather than merely renting others'.

If you haven’t followed Arc’s story, Circle first announced plans for this EVM-compatible L1 back in August 2025. The testnet launched in October 2025, and after nearly a year, the mainnet has finally arrived.

At its core, Arc is an EVM-compatible Layer 1, meaning Ethereum applications can largely be redeployed there directly without needing to learn a new programming language or rebuild from scratch. Under the hood, transactions are executed via the Ethereum-compatible Reth client and finalized by Circle’s Malachite consensus engine.

The greater distinction lies in the foundational optimizations Circle has built around it. Gas fees are paid directly in USDC, transactions achieve finality in under a second, and developers can deploy without permission (although the network initially launched with a permissioned set of known validators, including BlackRock, Mastercard, Visa, DTCC, and Standard Chartered). Arc also supports post-quantum wallet signatures from day one.

You can think of it as Circle trying to strike a balance between cryptocurrency and traditional finance: open applications on top, and a more predictable, institution-friendly infrastructure underneath.

Beyond simply transferring USDC, a wide range of activities are already possible. Over 100 applications are live, covering foundational DeFi (Uniswap, Aave, Morpho) as well as memecoins (Fomo and Pump.fun)—Circle has publicly supported the latter as a way to cultivate on-chain culture.

In an existing project, Circle’s Chief Technology Officer, Nikhil Chandhok, specifically highlighted StableFX, an on-chain foreign exchange system designed to facilitate the exchange of USDC with growing local stablecoins. This bridging functionality is one of the core elements of Circle’s broader vision for Arc: Circle does not aim to issue every local stablecoin itself, but rather wants Arc to connect local currencies to USDC liquidity—and ultimately to each other.

In addition to the technologies already launched, Circle places exceptional emphasis on layers above the blockchain to make everything more user-friendly. This includes:

• Arc Portal serves as the gateway to the network: users can fund their wallets, exchange assets, discover applications, earn rewards, track balances, and fund agent wallets.
• Arc Studio is an AI programming agent that transforms a single prompt into application logic, smart contracts, and deployable code.
• App Kits bundle common operations such as payments, exchanges, deposits, cross-chain transfers, and earning rewards into ready-to-use SDKs, eliminating the need for developers to piece together the entire workflow themselves.

Together, these products aim to make Arc not only more accessible to crypto-native developers but also lower the barrier for users, builders, and end agents to interact with this chain.

There is more to come on this chain overall, especially in the short term. Chandhok said Arc’s two key focuses in the initial months will be: 1. Privacy, 2. Agents.

In terms of privacy, Circle is developing an optional privacy zone that allows users to hide their balances and transaction details while selectively disclosing information when necessary. The planned system runs private transactions within a trusted execution environment—a protected hardware isolation zone whose contents remain hidden even from Circle and Arc validators.

In terms of agency, Circle has laid some groundwork: USDC is becoming the primary currency for the emerging agency payment protocol x402, while Circle is also building its own agency stack, providing policy-controlled wallets and infrastructure that enable agents to discover services and pay for them.

The next step is to make these agents appear more like independent economic entities. Circle is working to establish verifiable agent identities and histories, reputation systems, and ultimately credit, so that an agent can prove what work it has done, earned money, hired another agent, or borrowed funds based on its track record.

This touches on perhaps the most important aspect of Circle’s thesis. Chandhok does not want Arc to simply siphon off USDC, DeFi, and users from Ethereum. As he stated, moving existing activity from Ethereum to Arc does not actually expand Circle’s market.

The real stake lies in creating markets that barely exist today: agents paying and hiring each other, machine-scale credit, global stablecoin foreign exchange, tokenized assets reaching new buyers, and institutional activities that never enter a fully public ledger.

Arc faces significant competition. Tempo is entering the stablecoin payments and machine commerce space from a payment infrastructure perspective, while Plasma is expanding further toward consumers through Plasma One. Arc’s strategy is broader: it targets both the institutional market and the open crypto ecosystem, while also betting that autonomous agents will emerge as a new class of economic participants.

The question now is whether this will generate genuine new activity or simply become another destination for existing crypto liquidity. To learn more about Circle’s outlook for the future, we recommend reviewing our full conversation with Chandhok—there’s still much more to explore.