Ethereum has spent the last several years scaling without taking the easy shortcut of turning the base chain into a datacenter chain. Since 2020, the major upgrades have been: • Beacon Chain: introduced Proof of Stake. • The Merge: completed the transition from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake, laying the groundwork for data sharding to enhance rollup scalability. • EIP-4844 (Proto-Danksharding): introduced data blobs, enabling massive scaling of rollup solutions by significantly reducing data availability costs through the use of KZG polynomial commitments to enable Ethereum to verify that blob data without putting that data permanently into L1 calldata. Raised rollup scalability to 650 transactions per second (TPS). • Pectra: doubled target blob throughput per block, from 3 to 6, with the maximum rising from 6 to 9. This raised rollup capacity to roughly 980 TPS. • Fusaka: introduced PeerDAS, so nodes no longer need to download every piece of blob data in full. They can sample the data instead, using erasure coding to efficiently reconstruct the full data. This is the first real stage of data sharding. • Blob Parameter Only forks: lets Ethereum keep increasing blob capacity without waiting for a full hard fork. The first two BPO increases raised Ethereum to 14 blobs, with a maximum of 21. That raised maximum rollup capacity to 2,300 TPS. At the same time, Ethereum's L1 gas limit has been raised to around 60M, or 238 TPS, from 45 TPS in 2020. The next major upgrade, Glamsterdam, is aimed at making much higher L1 capacity safe through ePBS, block-level access lists, and parallel execution. It will also continue blob scaling for rollups. The post-Glamsterdam target is 200M gas limit, or 790 TPS on Mainnet. The long-term roadmap has also expanded, with Ethereum now working toward bringing ZK verification directly into mainnet. That means using ZK proofs of EVM execution to raise throughput without forcing every validator to run much more powerful hardware. This is about Ethereum L1 itself becoming ZK-verifiable. The long-term goal is around 10,000 transactions per second on Ethereum mainnet, with rollups scaling to 10M TPS. So gigagas L1 and a much larger rollup data layer, while still preserving the property that makes Ethereum ultra-hard: ordinary people being able to verify the chain.