"How can we trust algorithms that haven't been tested against a real quantum computer yet?" Engineers don't wait for an earthquake to test whether a bridge holds. They calculate the load it has to withstand before it's ever built. Cryptographers do the same thing. They count how many steps the best-known attack would take. Shor's algorithm is the proof this works. It showed elliptic curve cryptography breaks in polynomial time on a sufficient quantum computer. That was 1994, three decades before a machine existed that could run it. The math got there first while the hardware is still catching up. No efficient classical or quantum attack is known against lattice signatures like ML-DSA, the standard NIST finalized in 2024. Its underlying lattice problems have been studied for decades. It is the result of years of open analysis by cryptographers actively trying to break it.