ME News reports that on May 5 (UTC+8), Vitalik Buterin posted that "Keyed Nonces" not only provide stronger protocol-level support for on-chain privacy solutions but may also represent a key direction for Ethereum’s future state scaling. By creating specialized storage types tailored to specific use cases, extreme scalability can be achieved while preserving protocol decentralization. Take nullifiers in privacy transactions as an example: if on-chain privacy transactions sustain 2,000 TPS over eight years, approximately 500 billion nullifiers will be generated. Since nullifiers cannot be pruned, storing all of them in the existing general-purpose state would impose immense pressure on node storage and decentralization. A dedicated nullifier storage system can leverage its highly restricted usage pattern—used solely for validity checks, with transactions explicitly providing the nullifier ID—to enable more decentralized solutions, such as sharded storage (where nodes only need to hold a small subset of shards and maintain honest connections to each shard) or Bloom Filter optimizations (reducing verification overhead to approximately 8 bits per nullifier). Continuing to rely on the current state would require builders to download tens of terabytes of full data, preventing privacy users from efficiently utilizing mechanisms like FOCIL. Therefore, most use cases should be migrated to more specialized, lower-cost storage types, while retaining the full dynamic state for applications like DeFi that require high flexibility—achieving a better balance between scalability and decentralization. (Source: Foresight News)
Vitalik Proposes 'Keyed Nonces' as a Potential Ethereum State Scaling Strategy
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Summary
On May 5 (UTC+8), Vitalik Buterin proposed a new "Keyed Nonces" mechanism as a potential Ethereum state scaling solution. The design introduces specialized storage for specific use cases such as nullifiers, aiming to reduce node storage burdens and enable decentralized solutions. Dedicated storage could benefit state channels and allow for more efficient pruning strategies. The idea has the potential to enhance scalability without compromising decentralization. The proposal also addresses optimizing EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) operations for privacy-focused transactions.
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