A stronger signature doesn’t automatically mean simpler security. XMSS introduces a trade-off worth understanding. It is a stateful hash-based signature scheme. But what does that actually mean? Three things matter: 1️⃣ Track usage: The system records which one-time signing positions have already been used. 2️⃣ Never reuse incorrectly: Reusing a signing position can compromise security. 3️⃣ Rotate keys: XMSS keys have a limited signing capacity. Key management and rotation are essential. Quantumnet uses XMSS for experimental consensus participation, making this an important part of Tezos’ post-quantum research. The bigger lesson? Post-quantum security isn’t just about stronger cryptography. It’s also about adapting the way we manage keys. Here’s a question: Would you prioritise quantum-resistant cryptography first, or the operational systems needed to manage it safely? Check @tezos as the blockchain is already getting ready.