Ethereum upgrades since London: Past → present: Merge, Shapella withdrawals, Dencun blobs (L2 fees −90–98%), Pectra (EIP-7702 + bigger validators), Fusaka (native P-256/passkeys), gas ~60M. Next: Glamsterdam (~Dec 2026) Capacity fork. ePBS puts the builder auction in-protocol. Block access lists unlock parallel verify. Path to ~200M gas, but new storage gets expensive (ETH to a fresh address ~9.7× today). At 60M costs rise; at 200M most txs can get cheaper. Then: Hegotá (~2027) Frame txs = pick your own signature check + gas payer (USDT sponsorship, fund pays for investor). FOCIL = a validator committee can force waiting public txs into the next block. 10s slots under consideration. Still not on these forks: confidentiality from the RPC/builder. Finality in seconds + post-quantum crypto ≈ end of decade. Full institutional cheatsheet from EthSystems: