Vitalik just pointed out the 2 biggest bottlenecks if Ethereum wants real scaling, zk-native infra, and client-side proving: State tree and VM. Here are the key upgrades being discussed: – State tree upgrade (Hexary MPT → Binary tree). – New hash functions (Blake3 / Poseidon variants). – Storage “pages” design . – VM transition discussion (EVM → RISC-V or similar). If Ethereum executes this properly: • ZK apps won’t need custom state trees. • Client-side proving becomes realistic. • Protocol complexity decreases over time. • ETH’s role as global settlement + proof layer strengthens. Long term, this moves Ethereum closer to being a prover-optimized base layer rather than just a smart contract chain. And if @ethereum becomes the most efficient settlement + proof coordination layer, ETH’s structural value capture improves alongside scalability. Trust in $ETH.